Cov tswv tsiaj feem ntau pub lawv cov tsiaj coj mus muag khoom noj tsiaj.Vim Kev Ua Lag Luam Tsiaj Zaub Mov Muaj Qhov Zoo Ntawm Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Zoo Tshaj thiab nplua nuj, yooj yim noj thiab lwm yam.Raws li cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm sib txawv thiab cov ntsiab lus dej, cov khoom noj tsiaj tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom noj tsiaj qhuav, cov khoom noj ib nrab moist, thiab cov zaub mov hauv kaus poom;Raws li kev ntxhib los mos, tsiaj tsiaj tuaj yeem muab faib ua cov khoom noj sib xyaw, cov khoom noj mos mos, thiab cov zaub mov qhuav.Qee lub sij hawm Nws nyuaj rau kev hloov tus tsiaj tus cwj pwm noj, txawm tias cov khoom noj tshiab muab rau tus tsiaj muaj kev noj qab haus huv thiab ua tau raws li qhov xav tau.
Qhuav Tsiaj Zaub Mov Feem ntau muaj 10% mus rau 12% Dej.Cov Khoom Noj Qhuav Tseem Muaj Cov Khoom Noj Tsis Txaus Nroj Tsuag, Khoom Noj Khoom Noj, Khoom Noj Khoom Haus, Khoom Noj Khoom Haus, Cov Khoom Noj Puffed thiab Ci, Cov Khoom Noj Zoo Tshaj Plaws thiab Nrov Tshaj Plaws yog Extruded Puffed Food.Khoom noj khoom haus qhuav yog tsim los ntawm cov nplej, nplej los ntawm cov khoom, cov khoom soy, cov khoom siv tsiaj, tsiaj los ntawm cov khoom (xws li mis nyuj los ntawm cov khoom), rog, vitamins thiab minerals.Cov Khoom Noj Quav Qhuav feem ntau yog Extruded.Miv tsis muaj mortars, yog li ntawd Miv cov pellets yuav tsum tau zoo li thiab loj rau txiav los ntawm incisors dua li sib tsoo nrog molars, thiab cov txheej txheem extrusion yog zoo suited kom ua tiav qhov tshwj xeeb yuav tsum tau (Rokey thiab Huber, 1994) (Nrc 2006).
Qhuav Puffed Food
01: Txoj Cai Ntawm Extrusion Expansion
Cov txheej txheem puffing yog sib tov ntau yam hmoov raws li tus qauv tsim, tom qab ntawd ua kom txias txias, thiab tom qab ntawd Extrude nyob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias siab tom qab kev laus, thiab tom qab ntawd tuag ntawm qhov tawm ntawm lub Extrusion Chamber Suddenly poob rau hauv qhov kub thiab txias, ua rau. Cov khoom Particles kom nthuav dav.Thiab txiav rau hauv qhov xav tau peb-dimensional duab los ntawm lub cutter.
Cov txheej txheem puffing tuaj yeem muab faib ua kom qhuav puffing thiab ntub puffing raws li cov dej ntxiv;Raws li Txoj Cai Ua Haujlwm, Nws tuaj yeem muab faib ua Extrusion Puffing Thiab Gas Kub-Press Puffing.Extrusion Thiab Puffing yog txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom cua txias thiab Tempering, Nruam Siab Extrusion, Sudden Pressure Reduction, Thiab Volume Expansion.
Tam sim no, feem ntau ntawm cov khoom noj dev muag hauv khw yog tsim los ntawm Extrusion thiab Puffing.Cov txheej txheem Extrusion Thiab Puffing tuaj yeem ua rau cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov zaub mov ncav cuag qib siab ntawm gelatinization, txhawm rau txhim kho cov digestibility ntawm starch los ntawm tsiaj (Mercier And Feillit, 1975) (Nrc 2006).
02: Cov txheej txheem ntawm Extrusion Thiab Puffing
Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov txheej txheem niaj hnub Extrusion yog Pretreat ntau cov hmoov los ntawm kev ntxiv chav thiab dej kom temper thiab temper, thiaj li hais tias cov ntaub ntawv yog softened, cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab yog gelatinized, thiab cov protein kuj yog denatured.Hauv Cov Txheej Txheem Ntau Lawm Ntawm Cov Khoom Noj Tsiaj Khoom Noj, Nqaij Slurry, Molasses thiab Lwm Yam Khoom Muaj qee zaum ntxiv los txhim kho palatability.
Conditioner yog cov cuab yeej siv ntau tshaj plaws rau kev tsim khoom noj pellet.Chav txias yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws hauv cov txheej txheem pelleting, thiab tus nqi ntawm chav ntxiv yog nyob ntawm cov ntsiab lus ntawm kev pub dej thiab hom pub.Thaum txias, Nws yuav tsum tau ua kom cov khoom thiab dej vapor muaj lub sij hawm ntev txaus nyob rau hauv lub txias txias, kom cov dej tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom.Yog tias lub sijhawm luv luv, cov dej tsis tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom, tab sis tsuas yog nyob rau saum npoo ntawm cov dej dawb.Nws tsis tsim nyog rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov txheej txheem tom ntej.
Steam Conditioning muaj ntau qhov zoo:
① Txo kev sib txhuam thiab ua kom lub neej ntev ntawm kev nias zaj duab xis.Thaum Tempering, Cov dej tuaj yeem nkag mus rau hauv cov khoom siv, thiab cov dej tuaj yeem siv los ua cov roj lubricating kom txo tau qhov kev sib txhuam ntawm cov khoom thiab cov yeeb yaj kiab nias, yog li txo qhov poob ntawm cov nias zaj duab xis thiab ua rau lub neej ua haujlwm ntev.
② Txhim kho qhov muaj peev xwm ntau lawm.Yog tias cov ntsiab lus noo noo tsawg dhau thaum lub sij hawm Extrusion, viscosity ntawm ntau yam khoom siv yuav tsis zoo, thiab kev tsim muaj peev xwm kuj yuav tsis zoo.Ua kom cov ntsiab lus noo noo tuaj yeem ua kom muaj peev xwm ntau lawm ntawm cov pellets, thiab thaum cov nyhuv zoo, lub peev xwm ntau lawm tuaj yeem nce 30%.
③ Txo kev siv hluav taws xob.Thaum cov ntsiab lus noo noo tsawg, lub zog noj ntawm cov txheej txheem txuas ntxiv thiab lwm cov txheej txheem nce ntxiv, thiab cov kev ua haujlwm yuav raug txo kom tsawg thaum cov khoom noj zoo tib yam tau tsim tom qab chav txias, yog li txo cov kev siv hluav taws xob.
④ Txhim kho Particle Zoo.Kev tswj cov dej vapor ntxiv raws li cov khoom sib txawv thaum lub sij hawm tempering tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm granules.
⑤ Txhim Kho Kev Nyab Xeeb Khoom Noj.Thaum lub sij hawm ua cov txheej txheem chav txias, qhov kub-kub ntxiv tuaj yeem tua ntau yam kab mob kab mob uas muaj nyob hauv ntau yam khoom noj thiab txhim kho zaub mov kev nyab xeeb.
Cov hmoov sib txawv tom qab txias tau xa ncaj qha mus rau hauv lub thawv Extrusion Chamber ntawm Extruder, thiab ntxiv chav dej, dej, thiab qee zaum cov hmoov nplej ntxhib slurry, nqaij slurry, thiab lwm yam ntxiv.Lub Extrusion Chamber yog lub hauv paus tseem ceeb ntawm Extrusion System, thiab feem ntau ntawm cov haujlwm ntawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tau ua tiav los ntawm Tshooj no.Nws muaj cov ntsia hlau, lub tes tsho thiab tuag thiab lwm yam. Cov khoom siv no yuav txiav txim siab seb tus Extruder yuav yog ib leeg lossis ntxaib ntsia hlau, yog tias nws muaj ob qhov sib npaug sib npaug, nws yuav yog Twin Ntsia Hlau Extruder, yog tias nws tsuas muaj ib qho ces nws yuav yog ib qho ntsia hlau. Extruder.Lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb ntawm ntu no yog sib tov thiab ua noj cov khoom xyaw, thiab nws tuaj yeem ntim nrog dej lossis roj raws li qhov xwm txheej tiag tiag.Lub Extrusion Chamber tau muab faib ua ntu pub, sib xyaw thiab ua noj.Txoj Kev Sib Nqus Sib Nqus yog qhov nkag qhov twg Tempered hmoov nkag mus rau hauv Extrusion Chamber, thiab qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom nyoos tsawg heev rau lub sijhawm no;Thaum lub siab sab hauv ntawm cov khoom sib tov nce, qhov ntom ntawm cov khoom nyoos kuj maj mam nce, thiab qhov kub thiab txias hauv ntu ua noj nce ntxiv.Raw Material Structure Pib Hloov.Kev sib txhuam ntawm cov hmoov nplej thiab cov phab ntsa hauv lub thoob, cov ntsia hlau, thiab cov hmoov nplej tau loj dua thiab loj dua, thiab ntau cov hmoov yog siav thiab siav raws li kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm kev sib txhuam, kev sib txhuam quab yuam thiab cua sov.Qhov kub hauv chav Extrusion tuaj yeem gelatinize feem ntau ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab thiab tsis ua haujlwm feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob pathogenic.
Qee cov neeg tsim khoom noj tsiaj tam sim no ntxiv nqaij Slurry rau cov txheej txheem Extrusion, uas tso cai rau cov nqaij tshiab siv rau hauv cov zaub mov tsis yog nqaij qhuav ib leeg.Vim tias muaj cov dej noo ntau dua ntawm cov nqaij uas tsis tau kho, qhov no tso cai rau kom muaj feem ntau ntawm cov tsiaj txhu hauv cov khoom noj khoom haus.Ua kom cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov nqaij tshiab tsawg kawg ua rau tib neeg muaj kev xav zoo.
Cov txheej txheem Extrusion muaj ntau qhov zoo:
① Qhov kub thiab txias siab tsim nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem Extrusion tuaj yeem ua kom tsis muaj menyuam;
② Nws tuaj yeem nce qhov nthuav dav ntawm Starch.Muaj pov thawj tias cov txheej txheem Extrusion tuaj yeem ua kom qhov kev nthuav dav ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab ncav cuag ntau dua 90%, Yog li Kev zom cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab los ntawm cov tsiaj kuj zoo heev;
③ Ntau yam Proteins hauv Raw Materials yog Denatured los txhim kho Protein Digestibility;
④ Tshem tawm ntau yam tshuaj tiv thaiv kev noj haus hauv cov khoom noj, xws li Antitrypsin hauv Soybeans.
Muaj qhov tuag ntawm qhov tawm ntawm Extruder, thiab thaum Extruded Raw Materials dhau los ntawm kev tuag, lub ntim nthuav dav sai vim qhov poob qis hauv qhov kub thiab txias.Los ntawm kev hloov lub qhov tuag, cov neeg tsim khoom noj tsiaj tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom noj tsiaj hauv ntau qhov sib xyaw ntawm cov duab, qhov ntau thiab tsawg thiab xim.Lub peev xwm los sib xyaw ua ke yog qhov tseem ceeb heev raws li Kev Lag Luam hloov zuj zus, tab sis tsis muaj peev xwm hloov pauv ntau npaum li cas ntawm kev sib ntsib Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Zoo Tshaj Plaws.
Cov khoom Puffed yog txiav rau hauv granules ntawm ib tug ntev ntev los ntawm ib tug teb Cutter.Lub Cutter yog nruab nrog 1 txog 6 hniav.Txhawm rau kho nws txoj kev sib hloov ceev, lub tshuab txiav feem ntau yog tsav los ntawm lub tshuab me me ib leeg.
Cov ntsiab lus roj ntawm cov khoom noj khoom haus qhuav Extruded Nws txawv ntawm 6% mus rau ntau tshaj 25%.Txawm li cas los xij, Cov ntsiab lus muaj roj ntau dhau tsis tuaj yeem ntxiv rau hauv cov txheej txheem Extrusion, vim tias qhov kub thiab txias siab hauv cov txheej txheem Extrusion yuav cuam tshuam rau cov roj ntsha tsis txaus, thiab tseem cuam tshuam rau Extrusion thiab molding khoom noj.Yog li ntawd, txoj kev ntawm kev txau cov rog ntawm qhov chaw tom qab puffing feem ntau yog siv los ua kom cov roj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov khoom.Cov roj kub txau rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov puffed yog yooj yim nqus.Tus nqi ntawm cov roj txhaj tshuaj tuaj yeem hloov kho tau los ntawm kev kho qhov nrawm nrawm thiab nrawm ntxiv, tab sis txoj kev no yuav ua rau muaj qhov yuam kev loj.Tsis ntev los no, ib txoj hauv kev tswj uas tuaj yeem kho tus nqi ntawm cov rog ntxiv tau tsim.Cov Txheej Txheem no suav nrog Cov Txheej Txheem Ceev thiab Cov Txheej Txheem Zoo Txhaj Tshuaj Roj Pump System, nws qhov yuam kev tsis pub dhau 10%.Thaum txau, Nws yog qhov yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj roj ntau dua 5%, txwv tsis pub nws tuaj yeem txau ib yam nkaus.Nws yog ib qho yooj yim rau tshuaj tsuag cov protein zom thiab/lossis flavors ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov zaub mov tsiaj txhawm rau txhim kho tsiaj kev txaus siab ntawm cov zaub mov (Corbin, 2000) (Nrc2006).
Tom qab Extrusion thiab Puffing tiav lawm, nws yuav tsum tau qhuav kom tshem tawm cov chav thiab dej txhaj thaum lub sij hawm Extrusion txheej txheem.Feem ntau, cov dej noo hauv cov khoom noj tuaj yeem ncav cuag 22% txog 28% thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm, thiab tom qab ua tiav, nws yuav tsum tau qhuav kom cov dej noo ncav cuag 10% mus rau 12% kom haum rau lub txee lub neej ntawm cov khoom.Cov txheej txheem ziab yog feem ntau ua tiav los ntawm lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws tsis tu ncua nrog lub txias txias los yog kev sib xyaw ntawm lub tshuab ziab khaub ncaws thiab txias.Yog tias tsis muaj kev ziab kom zoo, Extruded tsiaj cov zaub mov tuaj yeem ua rau tsis zoo, nrog rau cov kab mob microbial thiab fungal loj hlob ntawm tus nqi ceeb toom.Feem ntau ntawm cov kab mob no tuaj yeem ua rau miv thiab dev mob, piv txwv li, txawm tias me me ntawm cov tshuaj lom uas tsim los ntawm pwm hauv ib lub hnab ntawm cov khoom noj dev tuaj yeem cuam tshuam rau dev.Kev Ntsuas Feem Ntau Ntawm Cov Dej Dawb Hauv Cov Khoom Noj Tsiaj Khoom Noj yog qhov ntsuas dej ua haujlwm, uas txhais tau tias yog qhov sib npaug ntawm cov dej hauv zos thiab lub siab vapor rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom noj tsiaj nyob rau tib qhov kub thiab txias.Feem ntau, cov kab mob feem ntau tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob yog tias cov dej ua haujlwm qis dua 0.91.Yog tias qhov dej ua haujlwm qis dua 0.80, feem ntau cov pwm yuav tsis tuaj yeem loj hlob ib leeg.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb heev los tswj cov dej noo ntawm cov khoom thaum lub sij hawm tus tsiaj qhuav txheej txheem.Piv txwv li, thaum cov av noo ntawm 25% mus rau 10%, 200kg ntawm dej yuav tsum tau evaporated los tsim 1000kg ntawm qhuav zaub mov, thiab thaum cov av qhuav ntawm 25% mus rau 12%, Nws yog tsim nyog los tsim 1000kg. Ntawm Cov Zaub Mov Qhuav Khoom Noj tsuas yog xav tau kom evaporate 173kg Dej.Feem ntau cov khoom noj tsiaj yog qhuav nyob rau hauv voj voog Conveyor Dryers.
03: Qhov zoo ntawm Extruded Puffed Pet Food
Ntxiv rau qhov zoo ntawm kev noj zaub mov zoo, Puffed Pet Food kuj muaj lwm yam zoo:
① Qhov kub thiab txias, siab siab, siab vaum thiab ntau yam kev cuam tshuam hauv cov txheej txheem ntawm cov zaub mov puffing tuaj yeem ua kom cov gelatinization qib ntawm cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov khoom noj, ua kom cov protein nyob hauv nws, thiab rhuav tshem cov lipase uas tsim los ntawm ntau yam kab mob nyob rau tib lub sijhawm. Ua kom cov rog ruaj khov.Nws muaj txiaj ntsig los txhim kho qhov digestibility ntawm tsiaj txhu thiab kev siv tus nqi ntawm cov khoom noj.
② Qhov kub thiab txias siab ntawm cov khoom siv raw hauv Extrusion Chamber tuaj yeem tua ntau yam kab mob pathogenic microorganisms muaj nyob rau hauv cov khoom siv raw, kom cov zaub mov tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tu cev thiab tiv thaiv ntau yam kab mob digestive tshwm sim los ntawm kev pub zaub mov.
③Extrusion Thiab Puffing tuaj yeem tsim cov khoom siv granular ntawm ntau yam duab, xws li cov khoom noj miv tuaj yeem ua rau hauv cov ntses, cov khoom noj dev tuaj yeem ua rau cov pob txha me, uas tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev ntshaw ntawm cov tsiaj noj.
④ Lub digestibility ntawm cov zaub mov tuaj yeem txhim kho los ntawm puffing, thiab lub palatability thiab aroma ntawm zaub mov tuaj yeem txhim kho, uas yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb tshaj yog rau cov dev thiab miv uas lub plab zom mov tseem tsis tau tsim.
⑤ Cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov dej qhuav Extruded Pellet pub tsuas yog 10% -12%, uas tuaj yeem khaws cia rau lub sijhawm ntev yam tsis muaj kab mob.
04: Qhov cuam tshuam ntawm Extrusion Ntawm Cov Digestibility Ntawm Cov Khoom Noj
Cov txheej txheem Extrusion ntawm Tsiaj Khoom Noj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau kev zom zaub mov ntawm ntau yam khoom noj, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab, protein, rog, thiab cov vitamins.
Starch Undergoes gelatinization nyob rau hauv kev sib xyaw ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kub thiab txias, siab siab, thiab noo noo thaum lub sij hawm tempering thiab extrusion.Cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb yog tias cov hmoov txhuv nplej siab hauv cov hmoov sib tov pib nqus dej thiab dissolves los ntawm chav txias, thiab poob lub Original Crystal Structure.Thaum lub sij hawm Extrusion txheej txheem, nrog rau ntxiv ntawm noo noo, kub, thiab siab, lub o tshwm sim ntawm starch yog ntxiv zog, thiab mus rau ib tug tej yam, starch granules pib rupture, thiab nyob rau lub sij hawm no, starch pib gelatinize.Thaum cov khoom siv Extruded Extruded tawm ntawm qhov tuag, vim tias lub siab poob siab sai sai rau Atmospheric siab, Cov Starch Granules tawg nrawm, thiab qib ntawm gelatinization kuj nce nrawm.Qhov kub thiab siab nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem Extrusion ncaj qha cuam tshuam rau qib ntawm gelatinization ntawm starch.Mercier Et Al.(1975) Pom tau tias thaum cov dej ntsiab lus yog 25%, qhov zoo tshaj plaws Expansion Temperature ntawm pob kws yog 170-200oc.Nyob rau hauv no Range, Lub Hauv Vitro Digestibility ntawm Starch Tom Qab Gelatinization tuaj yeem ncav cuag 80%.Muab piv nrog Cov Digestibility Ua ntej nthuav dav (18%) tau nce zoo heev los ntawm 18%.Chiang Et Al.(1977) Pom tau tias Degree ntawm Starch Gelatinization nce nrog qhov nce ntawm qhov kub thiab txias nyob rau hauv thaj tsam ntawm 65-110oc, tab sis qib ntawm starch gelatinization poob qis nrog qhov nce ntawm kev noj ceev.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm chav txias thiab Extrusion tseem muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb ntawm kev zom cov protein, thiab cov qauv dav dav yog ua kom cov protein hloov pauv hauv cov lus qhia uas muaj txiaj ntsig zoo rau tsiaj zom.Nyob rau hauv qhov kev ua ntawm chav txias thiab mechanical siab, cov protein yog denatured los ua granules, thiab cov dej solubility yog txo.Qhov siab dua cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein, ntau cov dej solubility txo qis.
Lub gelatinization ntawm Starch kuj muaj qhov cuam tshuam tseem ceeb rau cov dej solubility ntawm cov protein.Lub gelatinized starch tsim ib txheej txheej txheej txheej txheej nyob ib ncig ntawm cov protein, uas ua rau txo qis ntawm cov protein dej solubility.
Tom qab cov Protein nthuav dav, nws cov qauv kuj hloov pauv, thiab nws cov qauv plaub yog degraded mus rau hauv ib qho Tertiary los yog Secondary Structure, uas ua rau luv luv Hydrolysis lub sij hawm ntawm cov protein thaum digestion.Txawm li cas los xij, Glutamic Acid lossis Aspartic Acid Hauv Cov Protein yuav hnov mob nrog Lysine, uas txo qhov kev siv ntawm Lysine.Lub Maillard Reaction Ntawm ε-Amino Pab Pawg Ntawm Amino Acids Thiab Qab Zib Thaum Kub Kub kuj tseem txo qis qhov digestibility ntawm cov protein.Anti-Nutritional Factors nyob rau hauv Raw Materials, xws li Antitrypsin, kuj raug puas tsuaj thaum tshav kub kub, uas txhim kho cov digestibility ntawm cov protein los ntawm cov tsiaj los ntawm lwm yam.
Thaum lub sij hawm tag nrho cov txheej txheem tsim khoom, cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov protein nyob hauv cov zaub mov yog qhov tsis hloov pauv, thiab lub zog ntawm cov amino acids tsis hloov qhov tseem ceeb.
Post lub sij hawm: Mar-02-2023